Midsummers night dream summary Free Essays

Dream, every one of the cross-dressing characters does as such as the aftereffect of cognizant choice (rather than otherworldly impact) and so as to achieve an objective. While there are absolutely various masks in â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† there are various inspirations for characters wearing them. For Viola, her explanations behind dressing as a youngster are clear since she needs to have the option to get by in the new land she has ended up occupying. We will compose a custom article test on Midsummers night dream synopsis or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now In spite of the fact that it might be somewhat ridiculous on the grounds that she may have Just as effortlessly discovered work without turning o such outrageous measures, she in any case is fearless in her choice to search out Rosin. Right now of her choice she strikingly states, Viola new off the boat: â€Å"Conceal me what I am, and be my guide/For such camouflage as haply will become/the type of my intent† (1. â€Å". 49-51). Note that she straightforwardly alludes to her camouflage as being identified with plan and this deliberate mask is a topic that proceeds all through â€Å"Twelfth Night† by William Shakespeare. Viola’s decision of dressing as a youngster, in any case, clearly entangles her interest f Rosin and despite the fact that this is at long last settled toward the finish of â€Å"Twelfth Night†, her appearance really directs the truth of her adoration life. There Is a feeling of sadness in the fight between what one sees and what Is truth and It Is best added at the peak of this Identity struggle when Viola, understanding that Olivia adores her/him, says, â€Å"Poor woman, she were better love a dream† (11. 11. 24). In certain faculties, this play is, much like â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream†, a dreamboats where nothing Is cap It is by all accounts, the main contrast being the utilization or prohibition of supernatural impact. â€Å"Twelfth Night† Is a play where reality doesn't frequently relate to appearances and in this way It Is simple for the peruser to start to acknowledge character’s choices to take on camouflages and for Mallow to get fascinated with the Idea (the presence) of the love’s presence as opposed to Its existence. Promotion Optimized by Dupes Disguise and duplicity are likewise common In â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† , and in spite of the fact that the techniques and entertainers are extraordinary, these components yield a similar last celebrate as found In Twelfth Night. For each situation the mistake of appearances versus the truth Is settled a there Is bliss and a wedding toward the end. For this situation, there are no immediate selections of masks, however one Is picked (diverse in light of the fact that the characters don't decide to be camouflaged with a specific arrangement of anticipated results). Puck mysteriously changes the head of Bottom Into the similarity of an ass, which Is a mask (and a terrifying one) to each and every individual who meets him In his changed state aside from the one lady In affection with him. While enchantment Is Involved with this downpours instead of a cognizant choice for the benefit of a character, this Is one of the more Illustrative guides to exhibit how Shakespeare utilizes the gadget of the storms to uncover a higher truth (outside of the not so much intricate but rather more momentary offerings driving the camouflage in any case). Midsummer night dream rundown By oil type of my intent† (l. I. 49-51). Note that she straightforwardly alludes to her appearance really directs the truth of her affection life. There is a feeling of sadness in the fight between what one sees and what is truth and it is best added at the peak of this personality strife when Viola, understanding that Olivia cherishes her/him, says, â€Å"Poor woman, she were b etter love a dream† (al. Ii. 24). In certain faculties, this play is, much like â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream†, a dreamboats where nothing is the thing that it is by all accounts, the main contrast being the utilization or rejection of supernatural impact. Twelfth Night† is a play wherein reality doesn't frequently relate to appearances and accordingly it is simple for the peruser to start to acknowledge character’s choices to take on camouflages and for Million to get captivated with the thought (the presence) of the love’s presence instead of its world. Mask and trickery are additionally pervasive in â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† , and result as found in Twelfth Night. For each situation the mistake of appearances versus the truth is settled a there is joy and a wedding toward the end. For this situation, there are no immediate selections of masks, however one is picked (diverse in light of the fact that the characters do ransoms the head of Bottom into the similarity of an ass, which is a camouflage (and an alarming one) to each and every individual who meets him in his changed state aside from the one lady in adoration with him. While enchantment is associated with this camouflage instead of a cognizant choice for the benefit of a character, this is one of the more illustrative guides to show how Shakespeare utilizes the gadget of the mask to uncover a higher truth (outside of the not so much mind boggling but rather more transient points driving the mask in any case). Step by step instructions to refer to Midsummers night dream synopsis, Papers

A comparison of Hebrew Flood Story, Babylonian and Summarian Flood Research Paper

A correlation of Hebrew Flood Story, Babylonian and Summarian Flood Story - Research Paper Example Just one man and his family were spared for each situation. The Hebrew flood story, which is some of the time called the Genesis flood story, recounts a man called Noah, who was the main honorable man in his time. Noah was instructed by God to manufacture an ark and assemble a couple of all types of life; a male and a female, into it. These creatures joined Noah and his family in the ark when the floods came. One might say, Noah was the subsequent Adam. He was bound to be the new begetter of mankind. Those of his age were demolished as a result of their abhorrent ways. The Babylon flood story was the first to be found, and discusses Utnapishtim who resembles the Biblical Noah who was utilized by the divine beings, to assemble a boat and spare humanity. The Summarian flood story is a fantasy that discussions of a Summarian legend called Gilgamesh who transverse the world to misdirect passing that is; he needed to be everlasting, and he ran over an elderly person Utnapishtim who let hi m know of the past occurrences of the flood in Babylon that made him unfading. The flood story is replicated from Babylonian Gilgamesh period, and it is one of the adaptations of Babylonian flood stories. In spite of the fact that it isn't clear if Hebrew flood story was gotten from a previous Babylonian flood story, or the Summarian flood story was the one replicated from a prior Hebrew flood story, or that them two were impersonation of a similar source that gives a previous date for them two. Likenesses between the Hebrew flood story, Babylonian and Summarian flood story The narratives shows how humankind had gotten grievous to God and the divine beings and were liable of transgression along these lines were rebuffed. In Hebrews story, humanity had gotten so shameless and underhanded; and in Babylonian story, they had gotten such a large number of and rambunctious to god. The Summarian humanity was unreasonably boisterous for the divine beings. The floods denoted the defining mom ent in the connection among divine beings and humanity and he chose to utilize the floods to rebuff them for their transgressions. The Hebrew Flood story talks of Noah’s obligation to shield humankind after God had rebuffed them. In all the accounts, there was a connection among divine beings and the hero’s, this shows the social and good viewpoint of the tales as floods are additionally utilized in every story, to show the regular starting point (Boadt 189). The narratives show that there exists a Supreme Being that saw the individuals on the planet as evil and consequently they ought to be rebuffed and thus he pulverized the world by flood. The divine beings utilized one individual in all cases to construct an ark that will withstand the flood when he demolishes the world. It is a similar individual that the divine beings use to make another age. In Hebrew flood story, he utilized Noah, small time who was his most loved to spare his family and the agents of every sin gle living animal. In Babylonia flood story Ea the divine force of insight utilized Utnapishtim who was his preferred honorable man and he is the person who was cautioned and educated regarding the obliteration through a fantasy. The implications of the names in spite of the fact that contrast as Noah implies â€Å"rest† while Utnapishtim implies â€Å"finder of life†. None of the individuals utilized was perfect at the same time, the divine beings thought of them as honest contrasted with the individuals around them. In Summarian flood story, Gilgamesh was an overbearing ruler to his subjects and they thusly, called upon the divine beings, to send him foe. It is similar people that the divine beings requested to assemble arks, which were to have numerous compartments, and it is similar pontoons that would in the end get away from the floods. The mankind was to get away from the floods by boarding the ark. Simultaneously, the individuals around then didn't have the mec hanical skill to manufacture such things as vehicles, or planes in this manner the ark was developed. The divine beings further utilized these equivalent people to caution the remainder of the coming

5 Reasons why your Small Business needs a Blog

5 Reasons why your Small Business needs a Blog Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!5 Reasons why your Small Business needs a BlogUpdated On 22/04/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://bit.ly/2pOALms CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogAnd you thought time was already tight. Now you hear you need to start a small-business blog or else. Just what you need another time-consuming task to add on top of all your other time-consuming tasks.Why Small Business Needs a Blog?Youre probably asking yourself, Do I really need a blog? Isnt what Im doing enough? Unless youre making more money than youll ever need, the answer is yes, you need a blog. And no matter how much money youre making now, you still need a blog. Therell be tough times ahead. You have to lay the groundwork to survive. Creating a small-business blog can help you do that. Heres why.1. People are NOT in Love with Your Business YetThe problem for small businesses when it comes to finding customers online is the lack of face. Your business is one of many.People arent going to search for your business name or trust your business just because you have a website and appear legitimate. Theyll need reasons to form a relationship with your company and trust you enough to do business with you.A blog is, along with social media, one of the most valuable tools to build relationships with the online public. When people see that your blog posts are relevant, informative, friendly and helpful, they begin to see your business as a legitimate and trustworthy entity. Readers are more likely to become customers once trust is established.2. Your Blog and Search Engines A Love StoryYou probably have a perfectly lovely website. Its probably indexed in the major search engines as well. The problem with your website, however, is that it just sits there. Its static. Over time, your static website actually hurts your standing within search engines. Google, in particular, punis hes websites that never change. Heres where a blog can really help. Your two-times-a-week blog posts provide updated and changing content. Google loves that. Sites with blogs rank higher than those that dont. Blog posts are also indexed for searches. Say, for example, you sell flooring. Your recent post about caring for your new hardwood floor shows up in Google. People whove never heard of you but are searching for information suddenly find their way to your online door.READAdvantages Of Advertising On Blog Over Other Media3. People Expect You to Have a BlogRemember the old days when people thought companies that didnt have a website were behind the times? Thats how blogs are thought of now. If you dont have a blog, people become suspicious. They wonder why you dont. They wonder if youre real. Thats not the perception you want to leave out there.4. Statistics for You?If youre still not convinced, think about this:60 percent of consumers feel more positive about businesses that have custom content, typically a blog, on the company website.81 percent of U.S. consumers say they trust advice and information on a company blog.94 percent of those who share posts with others do so because the content is informative, something blog content does very well. Sharing is the word-of-mouth advertising in the online world.You cant ignore the facts, right?5. Its Give TakeA small business blog gives you a way to welcome people into your store even if yours is only online. Readers get to know you, and you get to know them. Or, you should make an effort to get to know them.How? Read the comments on your blog posts you absolutely should allow and encourage comments and reply. Open a dialogue. Make it a conversation, not a lecture. Responding to comments, asking questions and engaging in conversations with readers gives you a chance to better meet customer needs and may even give you insights about new products or services to offer in the future.Isnt it time you gave small bus iness blogging a try?

Greek Eros and Philia Love Magic

Classical scholar Christopher Faraone writes about love among the ancient Greeks. He looks at evidence from erotic charms, spells. and potions to form a mixed picture of what relations between the sexes were really like. In this article, we use Farones information to explain the common uses of love magic between ancient Greek men and women. But first, a small digression to introduce terms used for love: Brotherly Love; Gods Love; Romantic love; Parents Love The following online discussion argues that the reason English speakers are confused about love is that we dont have enough words for it. Writer A:I recently read: Sanskrit has ninety-six words for love; ancient Persian has eighty; Greek three; and English only one.The author thought it was symbolic of the devaluation of the feeling function in the West. Writer B:Interesting, but I think English speakers do know the 96 forms of love - they just jam it into one word! The Greek words were eros, agape, and philia, right? See, we all use those definitions, but in the same word. Eros is a romantic, sexual hormone-raging love. Agape is a deep, connecting, brotherly love. Philia is a...hmm...I think necrophilia and pedophilia explain it.That is why we are all confused over what love is, since we have dozens of definitions for it! Agape and Philia vs. Eros We native speakers of English distinguish between lust and love but tend to get confused when we look at the Greek distinction between: eros andagape orphilia Affection as Love While it is easy to understand agape as the love one feels towards friends, family, and animals, we think of the mutual affection we feel towards our mates as different. Affection and Passion The agape (or philia) of the Greeks included affection, and also the sexual passion felt towards our mates, according to the University of Chicagos Christopher A. Faraone. Eros, however, was new, disorienting passion, conceived of as an attack of unwelcome lust, aptly represented as inflicted by the arrow-wielding god of love. Black and White Love Magic When we talk about black magic, we mean spells or voodoo practices designed to hurt someone else; by white, we mean spells or charms whose aim is to heal or help, often connected with medicinal herbs and other holistic or non-traditional healing practices. From our perspective, the ancient Greeks used black and white magic to arm themselves in the arena of love. Black magic: There were magical effigies much like those used today by practitioners of voodoo. The practitioner of this aggressive magic would cast an incantation and poke or burn the effigy in an effort to affect the person represented. The intention was to make the woman represented suffer the pangs of lust to the point that she would leave her family. The practitioner might invoke Eros, Pan, Hekate, or Aphrodite.White magic: Practitioners applied herbs to make an errant lover return or to restore harmony to a dysfunctional relationship. She might invoke Selene, Helios, or Aphrodite. Both types of love magic usually involved spells or incantations, but the type were referring to as black is more closely related to curse tablets than the other, more benign, love magic. The difference between these two types of magic is based on the difference between the two types of love, eros and philia. Gender-Based Love Magics Faraone distinguishes these two types of love, eros and philia, and their related magics as overwhelmingly gender-based. Men used the eros-based agoge spells [agolead] designed to lead women to them; women, the philia spells. Men used the spells to make women burn with passion. Women used the spells as aphrodisiacs. Men tied up their effigies and tortured them. They used incantations, tortured animals, burning, and apples. Women spread ointments on the clothing of their mates or sprinkled herbs in food. They also used incantations, knotted cords, and love potions. Theocritus Iunx The gender division isnt absolute. The iunx is said to have been a small, sexually rapacious bird which Greek men would tie on a wheel and then torture, in the hopes of filling the objects of their lust with burning, irresistible passion. In Theocritus second Idyll, its not a man, but a woman who uses an iunx as a magical object for an agoge spell. She repeatedly chants: Iunx, bring my man home. Mythology and Modern Love Magic in Pill Form While the agoge spells, the ones men usually used on women, resemble voodoo and seem like what we call black magic, the philia spells could also be deadly. As is the nature of many herbs, you only need a little. When the mythological Deianeira used the centaurs ointment on Hercules garment, it was as a philia spell, to keep Heracles from abandoning her for his new love, Iole (cf Women of Trachis). Although we do not know, perhaps a drop would not have killed him; however, the amount Deianeira used proved fatal. The ancient Greeks did not distinguish magic from medicine, as we claim to do. The need for erotic (whether agoge or philia) magic has long extended into domestic life where the wife of an impotent man (or the man himself) might invoke a bit of philia magic. Viagras popularity attests to the fact that we still practice magic miracle cures. Source Faraone, Christopher A., Ancient Greek Love Magic. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.

The Handmaid s Tale Are Men And Blame - 850 Words

The Handmaid’s Tale: Are Men to Blame? Women have been domesticated by men since the beginning of time. This role was given to women changing substantially as the years have gone by. It is still true that today there is a battle for equality of the sexes, and this novel by Margaret Atwood displays the harsh reality we continue to face in this male dominant society. Interestingly enough, this was written and published in the 80s and is still relevant today. Some believe that it is perfectly fine to not have equality amongst all let alone equality for women. Atwood’s use of men gives them power over women but they are not to blame for this mistreatment of the opposite sex. The Handmaid’s Tale gives a clear picture of what could happen to our society if women are continued to be seen as voiceless sex objects. It only takes one person to realize that what is occurring is wrong and it takes men and women both to stop the nonsense. Men in the story like T he Commander and Nick realize the wrongness, giving the women some hope. The concern for Offred the Commander displays proves not all men are evil or to blame in Gilead. The Commander is in no way the savior of the novel; however, he is Offred’s only hope. The society has already set rules no matter how horrible they are it is the law and he is a part of the hierarchy. If Commander went against his own council he would need allies to dispute the â€Å"handmaid issue.† Men are not willing to step up defendingShow MoreRelatedHandmaids tale1446 Words   |  6 Pages3rd, 2013 Hierarchy in The HandMaid s Tale Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale is a interesting novel that will have you confused but also have you bitting your nails with intrigue. So many questions might go in your head, at the same time; Atwood wrote this novel so her readers can have curiosity, even after reading the last word of the last paragraph of the last page of the book. One of the main topics of this novel is the effect on society when a women s fate is taken away from and replacedRead MoreIs Today s Society Becoming A Dystopian World?1313 Words   |  6 Pagesa dystopian world? Both the novels 1984 by George Orwell and The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood provide warnings of how each author sees certain problems in society leading to dystopian states. Civilizations are forced to live by rules and for certain purposes to ensure the governments own goals and aspirations, but arise for different reasons. Atwood is concerned with political groups and aspects of feminism; The Handmaids Tale illustrates how decl ining birth rates could lead to a state whereRead MoreMargaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagesthe class that ends up being oppressed. In Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, this is exactly the case, and the oppressed caste is the handmaids. The United States has been transformed into The Republic of Gilead. This change was stimulated by the increase in rape and violence against women, as well as the dropping fertility rates. The story begins with a handmaid named Offred. She has been assigned the job of a handmaid because she is one of the few women who are still fertile. Offred works inRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale And Brave New World1448 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough The Handmaid’s Tale by Margret Atwood and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley involve different stories, the societies portrayed in these two dystopic novels lack the basic freedoms needed for a society to function properly. These novels present an individual whose fr eedom has been stripped away by a government that controls all aspects of their life -knowledge, individuality, relationships with others- in order to maintain stability in a fragile society. The Handmaid s Tale studies our human natureRead MoreThe Sexual Exploitation Of Women Is Made Clear From The Work Of Atwood, Rossetti And Chaucer3015 Words   |  13 Pagesexploitation towards women is made clear from the work of Atwood, Rossetti and Chaucer. It mostly entails men taking advantage of women for their own personal gains. For example for pleasure, or to affirm the dominance they have upon the woman. At the time in which Rossetti and Chaucer were writing, women had their role, and the male would become the dominant figure. In The Handmaids Tale,the male figure overpowers the woman and becomes obsessed with the idea that women are able to reproduce. WithinRead MoreAnalysis : The Handmaid s Tale 1853 Words   |  8 PagesHandmaid’s Tale, is highly considered as a stimulati ng work of feminist dystopian fiction that examines the themes of fertility, rebellion, manipulation of power and love. All of these themes play an essential role in displaying the dehumanizing impacts of patriarchy on women and address the way in which society may be in the future. Fertility is believed to be vital for the future in Gilead because nobody is able to give birth to babies and it is the only source of power of the Handmaids. â€Å"There isRead MoreRelationship Between Men and Women: Jane Eyre and The Handmaids Tale1775 Words   |  8 Pagessubjugation of women by men in nineteenth-century Western culture, Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale explores the consequences of a reversal of women’s rights by men. This twentieth-century tradition of dystopian novels is a possible influence, with classics like Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and George Orwell’s 1984 standing prominence. The pessimism associated with novels of this genre—where society is presented as frightening and restrictive—exposes the gender inequality between men and women to be deleteriousRead MoreAnalysis Of Margaret Atwood s The Great Gatsby Essay2646 Words   |  11 Pagesa world like this, and one is able to see this toughness througho ut the book and memories from Offred’s life. In Arnold’s Future Tense: Making History in The Handmaid’s Tale he describes the women life Offred extremely well when he says â€Å"In Gilead, women have been framed. Framed by their red robes and wide wimples, the handmaids are clearly visible, marked and delimited by their social status. For the wearer within the frame, the wimples serve as blinders; to look through them is to see only straightRead MoreMargaret Atwood s The Handmaid Tale3177 Words   |  13 PagesThe substantial measures that Gilead takes to achieve perfection results in a dystopian society instead of a utopian one. The dystopian society has detrimental effects on the women of Gilead, both emotionally and physically. In the novel, The handmaids tale, by Margaret Atwood, the author utilizes the setting of the novel and its characters to communicate the themes of oppression and control over the female population of Gilead. Setting Atwood’s main focus for this book is to create a dystopianRead MoreThe Worlds Of The Last Man Essay2207 Words   |  9 PagesIn the worlds of The Last Man by Marry Shelly and A Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood, the lives of the survivors of the apocalypse are thrown into chaos. In The Last Man, the people of England are driven out of their native home by the plague and forced into the desolate wasteland that is Europe. In A Handmaid’s Tale, Gilead society has torn Offred away from her past life and severed all her connections to it. In these troubled times, characters turn to religion either by force or their own free

John Stuart Mill And Income Inequality - 1721 Words

ECON1401 Written Assignment 1 – John Stuart Mill and Income Inequality Many great economic thinkers throughout history has offered various differing yet interrelated views and ideas that may prove useful to the analysis of current issues in modern economics. A persistent issue in the modern economy is income inequality whereby the distribution of income among the population is unequal. This means that the gap between the rich and the poor increases over time if the issue is not appropriately addressed. In exploring the issue of income inequality in Australia, this essay aims to analyse the issue from the perspective of a selected economic thinker – namely John Stuart Mill – by: (1) providing a summary of Mill’s key ideas and theories, including the different forces that may have shaped his thinking; (2) applying Mill’s conceptual framework to the income inequality problem; and (3) offer solutions he might have suggested to address this problem, including policies that may be adopted and institutions that may be constructed in the Australian context. In order to consider the problem of income inequality from Mill’s perspective, it is of imperative importance to first grasp an understanding of what factors contributed to the development of his key ideas. Known as one of the most influential figures in classical economics, Mill is more commonly described as a philosopher and socialist than an economist due to his obstinate strive for progressive social reform throughout hisShow MoreRelatedMorals, Ethics, And Modern Thinking Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation of income inequality shows a divergence from moral ethics and the consequences are dire. Miriam-Webster defines â€Å"good† as something conforming to the moral order of the universe and â€Å"morality† as a doctrine or a system of moral conduct (Merriam). I will apply the Utilitarian moral theory and the Kantian moral theory to this issue, and show that no matter how you look at it or what theory you subscribe to, good morality is lacking in the a cceptance of the current income inequality that existsRead MoreThroughout History, Economists And Philosophers Have Theorized1533 Words   |  7 Pagespossible. Despite this, many people throughout history have pointed out capitalism’s flaws. John Stuart Mill, a utilitarian, outlines some of his objections to capitalism in â€Å"Principles of Political Economy.† In Mill’s time, the economy was dominated by the factory system, which notoriously exploited laborers for capitalist profit. Because of this, there were revolts against capitalism all over Europe (Mill 2017). One of the systems proposed by opponents of capitalism is communism. In the â€Å"ManifestoRead MoreFood Stamp Cuts: Justified or Unjustified? Essay619 Words   |  3 Pagesthose who believe the program cuts were justified. Those who are against the cuts to the Food Stamp Program can argue that under the difference principle, Congress was wrong to reduce funding. The difference principle, created by John Rawls, states that an inequality in a society, such as in power or wealth, is only justified if it benefits the worst off. It is important to note that this principle was created under what Rawls called a â€Å"veil of ignorance†; this is used to ensure that people willRead MoreAnalysis Of John Stuart Mill And John Rawls1804 Words   |  8 Pagesfreedom: John Stuart Mill and John Rawls. Rawls and Mill both strive to convince us, the reader as to what form a society must take in order to maximize its freedom. Mill argues that the only restraints set upon people are those in order to prevent someone from doing direct harm to another1 . Rawls goes one step further, where he solves not only the idea of freedom but also the issue of equality in freedom that is not touched upon by previous philosophers. Although the ideas presented by John RawlsRead MoreEssay on John Rawls: â€Å"Original Position†1137 Words   |  5 Pagesposition (242).† Rawls’ theory is in direct response to John Lock’s principles on social contract which states that people in a free society need to set rules on how to live with one another in peace. Rawls’ principles were designed to guards against injustices, which was inflicted upon society, with the help of John Stuart Mills Utilitarianism principle that individuals should act so as to maximize the greatest good for the greatest number. Mills principle justified Nazi Germanys mistreatment of theRead MoreLimitations Of Liberalism926 Words   |  4 Pagestolerations, while a ‘Perfectionist Liberal’ extends governments role to promoting individuals freedoms to the point of leveling off inequalities from the endowed and encouraging liberal values of reason. A tension between faith and reason is evident in the application of Liberalism on any society. The first theoretical applications of Liberalism were Thomas Hobbes and John Locke’s ideas of social contracts. Hobbes claimed that because of man’s self-interested nature, power should be forfeited to anRead MoreThe Case Of Mandatory Vaccination922 Words   |  4 Pagesvaccines, agreement on protecting another’s life is not universal; therefore we must further justify a policy of mandatory vaccination. Further justification for mandatory vaccinations is logically discerned by reading John Stuart Mill’s and Arthur Okun’s views on rights. In On Liberty, Mill articulates that the only form of acceptable coercion is through the â€Å"harm principle† or â€Å"other regarding.† This translates as no one can or should want to harm their neighbor; therefore, society can willingly acceptRead More The Fight for Human Rights Essay3126 Words   |  13 Pagespertinent in the real world, as today African-Americans and Muslim-Americans have their rights violated regularly in the name of security. Thankfully, we have more than a Hollywood protagonist to fight for the protection of rights. John Stuart Mill, Robert Nozick, and John Rawls provide a philosophic framework for evaluating the security-for-rights compromise. Though their respective theories vary greatly in theory and in practice, they provide models to condemn this exchange. Nevertheless, each differsRead MoreDifferences and Similarities of Liberalism1956 Words   |  8 PagesDifferences and Similarities of Liberalism The purpose of this paper is to treat the similarly and differences of liberalism. I will use John Locke and Adam Smith to represent classical liberals. John Stuart Mill and John Maynard Keynes will be used to show contemporary liberals. John Locke In John Lockes Second Treatise of Government he develops a theory of government as a product of a social contract, which when broken justifies the creation of a new government for the protection of lifeRead MoreLiberal Ideas Of Equality And The Right Of Law1591 Words   |  7 Pagesand personal liberty, equality and rule of law and property and the free market principle, drawing heavily from work by John Locke. Next, Locke’s work will be discussed to show how the development of liberal ideals from Thomas Hobbes. Lastly, substantive equality will be contrasted to explain how upper class interests are expressed and favoured in classical liberal thought. John Locke (cited in Ten 1986, p. 95) explained in Essays on the Law of Nature that while both humans and animals are creations

Sartres Existentialist View Essay Example For Students

Sartres Existentialist View Essay Jean-Paul Sartre says man is nothing else but what he makes of himself (762). This existentialist view depicts the idea that one is not based on the essence of a soul, but rather, based on decisions made throughout life. Sartre also believes that every man is responsible for all men. One may choose his marriage partner, however, in choosing to marry, one chooses monogamy. Decisions that individuals make will collectively create a set of principles and beliefs for all of man. Many people believe that a persons decisions are a reflection of his soul and personality. However, it is more likely that the conclusion a person reaches is due to the influence of different ideas, as well as the circumstances surrounding the choices. People take into consideration the thoughts and opinions of others, hindering the idea of an individuals essence. If an essence really existed, another persons thoughts would not affect someone elses. Instead, a person makes choices from birth and the different decisions that one chooses form a pattern and creates ones character.Sartre also says, Man is nothing else than his plan; he exists only to the extent that he fulfills himself; he is therefore nothing else than the ensemble of his acts, nothing else than his life (769). This exemplifies the point that man is the product of his actions and has complete control over his own life. The soul and personality that are given to a person do not limit him in his actions; the judgments that he makes depict the type of person that he is. Therefore the essence does not create the man, the man creates his essence. Also, ones choices and decisions create a code for all of man. This set of codes creates the unwritten laws of people, which in turn create good and bad. If a person acts against this he can pray to God and ask for forgiveness. However, existentialism is indifferent to Gods existence, which makes the person fully responsible for his own actions. This causes despair because it leaves people with nothing to cling to when they have made the wrong decision. If God does not exist, then there is no moral code to follow, therefore all men are free. It is completely upon the man to decide what is good and what is not. There is no longer the sense of God judging man so one must make his own decisions and based on them he is condemned to be free (765-766). Sartre believes that man is condemned because he did not choose to exist, but is also free because he is completely responsible for his actions. Existentialism does not allow room for mistake. A person has no one to blame for bad decisions or misunderstandings. One cannot say, I have had bad luck because existentialism does not believe in fortune or misfortune, but only in personal decisions. This enhances the true reality of life. Situations create the future and therefore hopes and dreams are a mere loss of reality. The future is produced by a persons decisions and so one should not dream but rather, make decisions that will lead to a beneficial life in the future.Sartre also says a man who lies and makes excuses for himself by saying not everybody does that, is someone with an uneasy conscience, because the act of lying implies that a universal value is conferred upon the lie (764). This further illustrates the concept that there is an unwritten law for man, and creates the idea of good and bad. The Fool In King Lear Essay There are choices that are universally made when a person is placed in the same situation, with the same circumstances. Sartre believes that man should base his decisions on the thought that all of mankind is watching and will guide themselves by the actions of that one person.This belief forces people to think before they act and consciously make decisions knowing that it will reflect humanity. Simply, one

Indoor Air Quality in Schools

Table of Contents Introduction Causes of poor indoor air quality Rate of schools with poor indoor air quality Health effects Addressing the problem Conclusion Reference List Introduction Indoor air quality in schools has a significant effect on students’ health. Schools offer a key indoor environment for students away or besides their home environment since they spend over ten hours per day at school. Since students spend many hours in schools, the issue of indoor air quality is of great significance and it should be handled with care (Daisey et al., 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Indoor Air Quality in Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indoor air pollution might lead to students suffering from long and short-term health complications. Besides, it might degrade the learning environment and affect the students’ performance. A research proved that â€Å"poor indoor air quality contr ibutes to asthma attacks, absenteeism, and more illness† (Salleh et al., 2011, p.419). Researches done in the United States proved that good indoor air quality influences the trend of school attendance among the students. Indeed majority of the students suffer from respiratory diseases, skin and eye irritation, fatigue, sneezing, coughing, and nausea due to poor indoor air quality (Daisey et al., 2003). This paper will focus on poor indoor air quality in schools in the United States, its causes as well as the health problems associated with poor indoor air quality. Causes of poor indoor air quality Many factors contribute to poor indoor air quality. The factors include â€Å"poor ventilation, availability of contaminant sources like building materials, indoor temperature and humidity, and maintenance activities†¦the contaminants may range from particles, formaldehyde, radon, bacteria, fungi, to nitrogen oxides† (Salleh et al., 2011, p.419). At times, the level of c ontaminants in indoors increases relative to the concentration outdoors. The concentration of contaminants in the indoor air may lead to the occupants experiencing a range of health symptoms and discomfort. Daisey et al. (2003) posit, â€Å"It is hard to identify the cause of discomfort due to the presence of both indoor contaminants and other indoor environmental factors† (p.62). Generally, water damage and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are the major causes of poor indoor air quality. Malfunctioning HVAC systems lead to accumulation of carbon dioxide and indoor air pollutants in classes subjecting the students to health problems.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More HVAC systems that do not regulate the level of humidity in the buildings might lead to growth of mold and bacteria, which cause illnesses like coughing and breathing problems. Other cau ses of â€Å"poor indoor air quality include choice of the building materials, poor site selection, roof design, and improper installation among other causes† (Salleh et al., 2011, p.420). The site where a building is located contributes to indoor air quality. Schools located in regions with high humidity are prone to growth of mold if they do not have proper heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (Godwin Batterman, 2007). Besides, building repairs also contribute to poor indoor air quality. Some school buildings are too old such that it is hard to maintain them. Such buildings suffer from water damage, leaks, and excess moisture leading to poor air quality. Rate of schools with poor indoor air quality Half of the 120,000 private and public schools in the United States have poor ventilations systems (Godwin Batterman, 2007). Consequently, the schools have poor indoor air quality. Every year, over 55 million students enroll in these schools, thus exposing them to health hazards associated with poor indoor air (Godwin Batterman, 2007). In spite of the high number of students that are at risk of suffering from poor indoor air in schools, the government has done little to come up with a health agency responsible for enforcing and regulating policies with respect to precarious air atmosphere in schools. Over six million employees work in the country’s public schools. These employees also suffer the dangers of poor indoor air quality (Mendell Heath, 2005). The majority of employees agree that the air condition in their workplaces is wanting. Nevertheless, they do not have the capacity to address the problem. A research of school nurses carried out in 2010 found that over 40 percent of the participants were aware that students and employees were suffering from poor indoor air quality. Over 75 percent of the respondents agreed that their schools did not have a team to monitor and regulate indoor air quality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Indoor Air Quality in Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, schools are doing little to marshal the resources necessary for making sure that all classrooms and other workrooms have proper ventilation systems (Tham Zuraimi, 2010). The American teachers have declared the problem of indoor air quality as one of the neglected challenges. Health effects Scholars continue to associate student performance with indoor air quality. They have found that many cases of sicknesses and absenteeism come because of poor indoor air quality. In return, they have adverse effects on the students’ performance. Some of the short-term illnesses that come because of poor indoor air quality include fatigue, poor concentration, nausea, loss of focus and impaired memory (Mendell Heath, 2005). Lack of air circulation in classrooms leads to increase in temperature. The high temperature causes discomfort and contributes to fatigue. Besides, poor circulation of fresh air in classrooms leads to the accumulation of different toxic gases like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. These gases lead to the students suffering from nausea. Schools erect the ventilation systems to aid in diluting or getting rid of airborne contaminants. The contaminants may emanate from cleaning agents, the breath from the students, as well as from pathogens. The ventilation systems enhance the circulation of fresh air, therefore diluting the airborne contaminants, while some of the contaminants are forced out of the building together with the contaminated air (Tham Zuraimi, 2010). Moreover, the ventilation system facilitates to regulate the level of carbon dioxide in the classrooms. Research has shown that high concentration of carbon dioxide in classrooms contributes to poor performance among the students. Besides, it leads to most of the students complaining of health problems. A study on students that learn in well-ventil ated classrooms found that the students scored higher marks on a standard test relative to students that learn in poorly ventilated classrooms. Poor indoor air quality leads to accumulation of bioaerosol contaminants in classrooms. According to Seppà ¤nen et al. (1999), bioaerosol contaminants refer to â€Å"a wide variety of agents from biological sources found in indoor environments† (p.227). The contaminants include bacteria, viruses, allergens such as the house dusts, and fungi that may contain irritants, toxins, and allergens.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Poor ventilation and other building features in classrooms contribute to respiratory diseases among the students. Even though no research has come up with the measurements of airborne virus in schools, some studies have compiled reports on the airborne bacteria (Seppà ¤nen et al., 1999). House dust contains bacterial endotoxins. Poor ventilation in schools leads to concentration of dust in classes. When students inhale the dust, the bacteria present in the dust leads to the majority of them exhibiting a number of flu-like symptoms. The students also suffer from breathing problems. Other negative health effects of poor indoor air quality include respiratory diseases and asthma. Yang et al. (2009) define asthma as, â€Å"A chronic respiratory inflammation that causes the airways to constrict and leads to wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing† (p.349). The majority of absenteeism cases reported in the United States schools are due to health problems related to poor indoor air quality. Most classes in the country are poorly ventilated leading to poor indoor air quality. Today, millions of students in the United States suffer from asthma, which account for over 14 million absenteeism cases recorded every year. The Institute of Medicine identifies moisture concentration in classrooms as the major cause of asthma in majority of the schools (Tham Zuraimi, 2010). There is a substantial relationship between humid enclosed spaces and asthma attacks. Improving indoor air quality goes a long way to reduce the number of absenteeism cases associated with asthma. Dampness and molds in classrooms contribute to health problems among the students. The presence of mold in classes causes throat irritation, coughing, headaches, tiredness, and wheezing. Students with weak immune systems, or who are vulnerable to infections, are prone to suffering from health problems related to mold and humid indoor environment (Tham Zuraimi, 2010). The health dangers linked to poor indoo r air quality can be treacherous and in stern cases, fatal. Both adults and children exposed to these lethal air surroundings in schools are prone to exhibiting physical signs associated to poor indoor air quality. Nevertheless, the effect of poor indoor air quality on children’s health might be more adverse than it is to the grownups. Children have weaker health defense mechanism than the adults. Therefore, their body would not withstand the poor indoor air quality health related challenges. Addressing the problem Schools can use different strategies to address the problem of poor indoor air quality. One of the strategies is source control. Source control is an effective and inexpensive approach that works on eliminating the sources of pollution. The other strategy that schools can use is enhancing their ventilation systems. Improved ventilations would help in regulating air circulation in the rooms. Schools can also use air cleaners to improve the quality of indoor air (Yan g et al., 2009). Air cleaners help to remove air pollutants from the air leaving the rooms free of pollutants. In addition to using these strategies, schools need to conduct regular supervision of their buildings to determine if there are signs of leaks, moisture, and mold, which would ensure that the buildings are in a condition that does not support the growth of air pollutants. Conclusion Indoor air quality in schools have significant effects on students’ health, However, little is done to ensure that schools work on the quality of their indoor air. Numerous factors contribute to poor indoor air in the majority of the schools. They include poor ventilation systems, building repair, site selection, and improper installations, among others. Today, over 60,000 private and public schools in the US have inadequate indoor air quality. The schools register over 55 million students every year, hence, subjecting them to health dangers associated with poor indoor air quality. Poor i ndoor air quality leads to students suffering from asthma, fatigue, nausea, and breathing problems. In addition, presence of mold in classrooms leads to students contracting a cough, throat irritation, and feeling tired. To address these problems, schools need to work on improving their ventilation systems and controlling the major sources of air pollution. Reference List Daisey, J., Angell, W., Apte, M. (2003). Indoor air quality, ventilation and health symptoms in schools: An analysis of existing information. Indoor Air, 13, 53 – 64. Godwin, C., Batterman, S. (2007). Indoor air quality in Michigan schools. Indoor Air, 17(2), 109-121. Mendell, M., Heath, G. (2005). Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature. Indoor Air, 15, 27 – 52. Salleh, N., Kamaruzzaman, S., Sulaiman, R., Mahbob, N. (2011). â€Å"Indoor Air Quality at School: Ventilation Rates and It Impacts towards Children- A rev iew.† IPCBEE, 6, 418 – 422. Seppà ¤nen, O., Fisk, W., Mendell, M. (1999). Association of ventilation rates and CO2 concentrations with health and other responses in commercial and institutional buildings. Indoor Air, 9, 226-252. Tham, K., Zuraimi, M. (2010). Indoor air quality and its determinants in tropical child care center. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 2225-2239. Yang, W., Sohn, J., Kim, J., Son, B., Park, J. (2009). Indoor air quality investigation according to age of the school buildings in Korea. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(1), 348-354. This essay on Indoor Air Quality in Schools was written and submitted by user Tenebrous to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Macs

Apple’s brilliant flat panel displays offer certified color at unbelievable prices. All displays in the Apple family offer crisp pixels, the best viewing angle technology and a broad color gamut so you can judge your work accurately. And they won’t break the bank - or your back, for that matter. Indie budget, blockbuster view The latest addition to the lineup is the 20-inch Apple Cinema Display, weighing in at hefty 1680 by 1050 pixels, plenty of room to edit your latest feature. This gorgeous new display delivers the same wide aspect and great picture quality of the 23-inch model at an incredible price, just $1299. And don’t forget it’s actually super-light and super-thin, too. Top-of-line meets bottom line Or step up to the amazingly well priced 23-inch Apple Cinema HD Display, now only $1999. With 2.3 million digital pixels - more than enough (1920 by 1200 pixels) to support HD content in its native format, with space to spare - the 23-inch is perfect for video professionals using a Power Mac G4. Only pennies per pixel The 17-inch Apple Studio Display supports a resolution of 1280 by 1024 pixels - equivalent to the work space you get with a 21-inch cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor. Now every desktop can afford more desk space since the 17-inch Studio Display now costs $699. Wide viewing angle But the breakthrough prices don’t come at the cost of performance. When you sit down at an Apple display, you see the whole picture immediately, from virtually any angle, except perhaps from behind. That’s because Apple displays use the best viewing angle technology on the market today to ensure that your eye can see the digital signal from the computer without your adapting to the device’s limitations. Apple uses the best viewing angle technology to minimize color shift when you’re not looking straight at the display. And who does? First of all, if you invite another person, say a client, for instan... Free Essays on Macs Free Essays on Macs Apple’s brilliant flat panel displays offer certified color at unbelievable prices. All displays in the Apple family offer crisp pixels, the best viewing angle technology and a broad color gamut so you can judge your work accurately. And they won’t break the bank - or your back, for that matter. Indie budget, blockbuster view The latest addition to the lineup is the 20-inch Apple Cinema Display, weighing in at hefty 1680 by 1050 pixels, plenty of room to edit your latest feature. This gorgeous new display delivers the same wide aspect and great picture quality of the 23-inch model at an incredible price, just $1299. And don’t forget it’s actually super-light and super-thin, too. Top-of-line meets bottom line Or step up to the amazingly well priced 23-inch Apple Cinema HD Display, now only $1999. With 2.3 million digital pixels - more than enough (1920 by 1200 pixels) to support HD content in its native format, with space to spare - the 23-inch is perfect for video professionals using a Power Mac G4. Only pennies per pixel The 17-inch Apple Studio Display supports a resolution of 1280 by 1024 pixels - equivalent to the work space you get with a 21-inch cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor. Now every desktop can afford more desk space since the 17-inch Studio Display now costs $699. Wide viewing angle But the breakthrough prices don’t come at the cost of performance. When you sit down at an Apple display, you see the whole picture immediately, from virtually any angle, except perhaps from behind. That’s because Apple displays use the best viewing angle technology on the market today to ensure that your eye can see the digital signal from the computer without your adapting to the device’s limitations. Apple uses the best viewing angle technology to minimize color shift when you’re not looking straight at the display. And who does? First of all, if you invite another person, say a client, for instan...

PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR - Essay Example Taylor and Brown (1986) are of the view that a person containing positive illusions about his own self and others also maintains healthy mind, because mental information system has the capability to reach a happy and optimistic conclusion. The researchers, above-mentioned, have discussed their socio-psychological perspective of mental health under the title Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health. In this research paper, Taylor and Brown analyze how mental health has been co-related with perceiving realities without any illusion of optimism. According to this model, individuals mildly distort reality to their benefit due to self-serving biases. This construct represents an in-depth synthesis of many models. (Luca, 1999:37) The past researches used to measure mental soundness of individuals by their vision of realistic thoughtfulness. A dominant position has maintained that the psychologically healthy person is one who maintains close contact with reality. (Taylor & Brown, 1988:193) Taylor & Brown do not go eye to eye with the notion of assessing mental health with mere the soundness of realism; rather, they are of the opinion that unrealistic positive illusions serve as the definite indicators of metal health on the one hand and are highly supportive in keeping the mind healthy on the other for an individuals cognitive development and mental fitness. Cognitive development refers to the growth of mental processes as well as ability to think and perceive. It also discusses how an individual learns by his innate mental capabilities and from society. The study of cognitive psychology is motivated by scientific curiosity, by the desire for practical applications, and by the need to provide a foundation for other fields of social science. (Anderson, 1990:1) Taylor & Brown, emphasize on the significance of positive illusion for judging

Explain and demonstrate how capital transactions are accounted for in Essay - 1

Explain and demonstrate how capital transactions are accounted for in a partnership - Essay Example These two categories majorly differ in the rights they bestow upon their owners. Common stock is simply the partial ownership of company where an investor buys stocks traded by the company through public offer. Investors may trade these stocks amongst themselves on the secondary market. The primary goal of buying these stocks is to earn dividends should the company make profit. Every common stock is a representation of a certain proportion of ownership in a company. for example if a company has 500,000 shares of common stock and an investor owns 5 of them, then we can say that he or she owns 5/500,000th of the company and same percentage of profit share. Preferred stock just like common stock represents partial ownership in a company. However, preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy other privileges like the voting rights. In this category investors are paid a fixed dividend not based on the number of shares owned. However the company may fail to pay dividends due to the financial challenge. In such cases, dividends of the preferred shareholders are always paid off first before common shareholders. Investors whether common or preferred have the ownership right of the company. A stockholder has a say in the running of the company. The most significant thing about stocks is that it is a high return investment. Stocks whether preferred or common have better return. Both kinds of stock pay dividends. Stocks generally can be a kind of dangerous investment. This is true for both preferred and common stock. Investors can lose all the money if the company runs at a significant loss. One major difference between common stock and the preferred stock is that shareholders with common stock are paid dividends proportional to the number of stock owned by an individual. However preferred stock shareholders are paid fixed dividend. It is beneficial to own preferred stock. This is because as a

Values for Children Essay Example for Free

Values for Children Essay Values for children is a very broad and controversial topic. There are many, myself included, that believe that our values come from God. I do understand that the same values can be taught without the use of God’s name, but I feel they lose something. Teachers with good values make an impact on students at every level. I know my most influential teacher does. I hope to one day as good of a teacher as she was. The values that I believe each educator needs to give a child what they most deserve are love and flexibility If a teacher loves her students, she wants to make sure that they are getting everything that they need, such as meals, clothing, and cleanliness. Whether it is from their parents or finding the family the help that they need to provide for the child. Love also gives patience and respect to those students that don’t understand a concept. These are exemplified in the philosophy of St James Preschool Program: PHILOSOPHY At St. James Catholic Preschool we will provide a safe, loving atmosphere where children can develop physically, intellectually, emotionally, creatively, socially, and spiritually. We will provide opportunities to learn in many different developmentally appropriate ways. We are a Catholic Christian Preschool, and will provide opportunities to learn to appreciate all of God’s creations. We will learn about God through song, prayer, and day-to-day activities. We will strive to instill a positive self-image in each child, and will gently guide him/her in making good choices. We want your child’s first school experiences to be positive ones, and will always make this our number one priority. From the St. James Preschool Handbook Flexibility, or an ability to go with the flow, is an asset to any teacher, especially when working with young children. Planning your day around little ones is very hard to do. Everything takes longer than normal and if a child has made up their mind not to do something it will take twice as long. Being flexible gives a teacher the ability to see around the problem and make adjustments to the schedule or activities of the day to accommodate the  children’s needs. Mrs. Linda Goesche was my Kindergarten teacher. She was amazing. I was small and young for a kindergartner. She worked with me and my parents to try to get me ready to move on to First Grade, but I just wasn’t ready. She came to my house and met with my parents and I. She did her very best to explain to me why I couldn’t move on with my class. I was very upset by this as most children would be, but by the time I finished my second year of kindergarten I was over it and not struggling to keep up. Actually, I was very blessed, I didn’t struggle much during the rest of my school career. I believe that Mrs. Goesche’s love for me and all of her students made her an exemplary teacher. I love kids. I didn’t know how much until I started to volunteer at my daughter’s school. I want to make their day better, to teach them something new, and to watch the look of discovery on their faces when they get it. My biggest struggle will come with flexibility. I like to do things on a schedule and get them done so I can move on to the next thing. With children that isn’t an option. You have to move at their pace and do things on their level. I know that I have a lot to learn, but I can’t wait to get started.

Perfection According to Mayrs What is Evolution :: What is Evolution Essays Mayr

Perfection According to Mayr's What is Evolution In his book titled What is Evolution, Ernst Mayr bravely attempts to explain the complex biological processes of the development of plants and animals. His book, however, reaches beyond the realm of the science text book. With What is Evolution he attempts to educate an audience which may not have a strong science background but instead a strong literary background. Through this book Mayr strives for "a mid-level account of evolution, written not just for scientists but for the educated public." In short, he attempts to write a (non-fiction) scientific novel. Though his attempt to combine great literature and hard science is admirable he often gets himself into awkward situations when trying to please both the scientific and artistic sensibilities. His major problem in the book surrounds the use of the word "perfect." As a biologist, it may be easy to pass this word off as a synonym of "adaptedness," simply meaning well-suited to one's environment. As a literary-minded person, let al one English major, however, this word cannot slip by so easily. To the novel-reader, more than to the science-reader, this word carries a lot of baggage which cannot be ignored. So, why does Mayr use this word and what is he really trying to say? Does Mayr truly believe that evolution can be perfect? The baggage that gets snared when Mayr uses the word "perfect" in his discussions of evolution is the complicated literary definition given to this word. Exact and flawless are some common synonyms of the word perfect. Perfection is something that has reached the pinnacle, the zenith of existence. Nothing which is perfect needs any alterations, modifications or changes. When something is perfect it exists with ease. It does not struggle to remain where it is, and it does not struggle to remain alive; it works in harmony with its environment. Going beyond the definition, something that is perfect is commonly more highly valued than those things around it which have not yet reached perfection. People place a certain amount of value on things that occur with ease. The human race seems constantly to be striving for something that is faster, cleaner. Something that can achieve these goals with ease earns the title of perfection and is highly. The only problem with perfection, as least in the realm of science, is that once the peak of perfection is reached there is no place towards it can further develop.

Principles and Theories of ethics Essay

In their quest to seek for solutions on ethical issues, human beings have constantly been formulating theories. These theories form an important point from where any investigation should be launched. As people invent new ideas or even improve on the current existing ideas, more challenges and complications come up. This has been observed in the modern world where scientific advancement has seemed to dominate in every field of knowledge. Among these fields of scientific inventions is the medical field which many people have believed to reduce the mortality rate and at the same time increased the life expectancy among many people in the world. Despite all these, fertility rate has seemed to reduce among the people while the terminal illnesses have been rapidly increasing. It is this reason that many doctors and medical practitioners have joined hands to look for long lasting solutions to these problems. Some of these solutions have been unearthed, which include the use of stem cells in treating patients with these problems. This has however raised many questions especially on issues concerning ethical justifications. This paper therefore examines two of such works that were carried out by Dr Shroff and Dr. Kerkis as reported in articles entitled ‘mice have been used to make human sperm’ and ‘Stem cell treatment lets Aussie breathe’ respectively. (http://www. news. com. au/perthnow/story/0,21598,23768047-5012754,00. html ; http://search. news. com. au/search? us=ndmperthnow&sid=5012760&as=NEWS. WORLD. CANDSAMERICA&ac=TST&q=Mice%20to%20replace%20men%20as%20sperm%20donors ) According to Rainbow C, there exist four principles of ethics. These include; least harm, justice beneficence and respect for autonomy. According to the principle to the principle of least harm, it is prudent to make a choice that will harm the least number of people. The choice made should also result to the least harm to the people involved. In the modern world, there are so many men who are willing to have children but unable because their sperms are not viable. According to the research, there is still hope for couples who experience such problems. The use of mice in production of human sperms therefore adheres to the principle of least harm and thus justices the use of mice in production of viable human sperms. The extraction of the dental pulp from teeth is however harmful but there harm is less as compared to the inability of a man to produce viable sperms. (http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) The principle of justice on the other hand encourages actions that are fair to the concerned. Such a decision should be consistent and based on logic unless justified otherwise by existence of justified extenuating circumstances. In the case of mice and human sperm cells production, it should be noted that the men are first given the opportunity to try their best to get children in the natural way. Professional medical practitioners who exploit any other alternative of dealing with such a situation confirm their inability. The couples are finally given the chance to choose what is good for them and thus the use of mice is only for those who are willing. This therefore adheres to the principle of justice. Dr Kerkis has also made it clear that she first used stem cells from dental pulp that was extracted from ‘a male donor’. It therefore means that the process is justified by the adhearing to the principle of justice since the consent of the concerned was first sought. (http://www. lancs. ac. uk/fss/resources/ethics/theories. htm ; http://www. trinity. edu/cbrown/intro/ethical_theories. html) According to beneficence principle, people must do all that is seen to be good. Just like the utility principle, it is always advisable to maximize what is good and minimize the evil. It is very true to say that the greater the amounts of good that people do, the more the benefits. According to this principle, production of viable human sperm cells by mice will do well to those who are unable. Apart from improving the psychological health of the concerned, it will also strengthen family bonds that may otherwise be weakened by the inability to get children especially in those communities where children are highly valued as an important ingredient in a happy marriage. (http://www. trinity. edu/cbrown/intro/ethical_theories. html ) According to the principle of respect for autonomy, it is very important to ‘allow people to reign over themselves and to be able to make decisions that apply to their lives ’. This is based on the fact that only an individual can understand why he/she chooses a particular lifestyle. Since every human being must be respected, any decision, especially that which involves intimate issues, must come from him. In order to do so, he must get enough information in the consequences and finally, his consent must be obtained. The reason is because every human being has hisher emotions and motivations that heshe understands from hisher own life experiences. It is the right for every person to lead a life style that he she actually enjoys in which the control over it is vested in hisher decision. It is however important to realize that there exists two perspectives of autonomy respects; paternalists and libertarians views. According to paternalistics, ‘an authority prioritizes a dependent person’s best interests over the dependent person’s wishes’. In the case of mice and human sperms, since the man is aware of his inability to produce viable sperms even though he may wish to have children, he has the freedom to choose to live without them. If he decides so and realizes more satisfaction without the children than using mice to produce viable sperms, he becomes libertarian. When his wife and medical practitioner convinces him to use mice to get children, the principle of autonomy is violated and he becomes a paternalistic since his wish may not be based on the use of mice in producing the viable sperms even though his interest is to get children. Libertarian perspective is therefore observed when the person’s wish is prioritized over hisher best interest. The person maintains hisher autonomy over hisher decision. (Allan J. Kimmel, 1988, pp. 42) In the case of stem cells treatment for the paralyzed man is Australia, the principle of least harm is violated since the extraction of the embryonic stem cells will cost the life of the unborn child irregardless of whether the concerned woman’s consent was given or not. Human life ideally begins after fertilization and it is wrong to deprive the unborn of its right to live in favor of a person who has already had the chance to be born. If such actions were to be encouraged, many people will never live to be born and this will cause more harm than treating the paralyzed people especially if Dr Shroff’s vision is to be realized as expressed by her hopes â€Å"her technology would be made available around the world to patients suffering from incurable diseases and terminal conditions. † Dr Shroff’s technology also contradicts the principle of justice. The fact that there are many incurable diseases and terminal conditions that may be cured using embryonic stem cells does not justify the act of depriving the unborn the right to life. It will therefore be an act of injustice to deprive the unborn of their right to life. The only extenuating circumstance should be when the woman’s pregnancy threatens the life of both the unborn and its mother. The doctor’s advice should be sought and any alternative exploited before the decision to terminate the pregnancy and donate the embryonic stem cells is arrived. It should be realized however that this would result to paternalistic autonomy. Dr Shroff’s technology will also violate the principle of beneficence. This is because the embryo will not benefit in any way from the act of donating its stem cells. The embryo itself cannot give permission to donate the stem cells. The principle of autonomy is not spared either. The patient may enjoy a paternalistic autonomy but the embryo, which is indeed a human being does not have autonomy to decide on whether to donate the stem cells or not . For a person to make any sound decision on any issue, the principles however form the basis of ethical themes. According to rainbow C, there are five major ethical theories. These include virtual ethical theory, deontological theory, casuist theory and utilitarianism ethical theory. (http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) According to virtual ethical theory, a person is not judged through his/her actions but through his/her character. An action may not necessary indicate a persons normal behavior since behavior and action are normally conflicting. It is however important to observe an individual’s reputation, motivation and morals while making any judgment on any behavior that may seem to be unusual, irregular or unethical. It should however be observed that any individuals change of character is not put into consideration in this theory. This theory justifies the use of embryonic stem cells in the treatment of paralyzed patients. The assumption is that the doctors and the medical practitioners who actually carry out the process of extracting and injecting the stem cells into his/her victims body are people who are trusted and socially approved by the members of the community. Their character justifies their actions and thus they should not be questioned about what they do as long as a patient’s life is saved. The act of extracting the embryonic stem cells cannot be used to prove the doctor as guilty of murder as long as his/her record of accomplishment in this profession of medicine is clean. According to Rainbow C, the society’s rights are ethically correct and must be protected and prioritized while making any decision. All societies’ rights are ethically valid because the majority in any society endorses them. Those who have the power and resources may bestow rights upon people. The society is therefore responsible for deciding on what should be considered as a society is right. The issue of mice producing viable human sperm cells may not be welcomed by many societies. This is because many people do not think that human beings and animals especially the mice can share sperm cells. A child produced by such sperms may be isolated from the other people and this may cause more suffering and harm to it than good. Termination of human life is also unacceptable in the society. This is evident in countries where Christianity is the dominant religion. If the use of contraceptives is criminalized in such societies, it is even worse to extract embryonic stem cells to treat paralyzed people or even those with terminal illnesses. In such societies, everybody has the right to live and those people who are already born should seek medication incase of any ailment but not to destroy a life in order to save themselves. (http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) According to deontological theory, people’s obligation and duties that have been assigned to them should guide them in the process of solving ethical dilemmas. By so doing, the person is believed to have done what was ethically correct. Doctors should help sick people. In this case, sickness refers to any abnormal functioning or dysfunctional of any body organ. Those people who cannot produce viable sperm cells should seek medical attention and the doctors have a duty and obligation to ensure that such people can get children. The theory therefore justifies Dr Kerkis and Dr Shroff’s actions. It is a doctor’s obligation to ensure that all incurable diseases and terminal conditions are adequately dealt with. The casuist ethical theory is based on the assumption that the current dilemma in question can be successfully solved in a similar way to previously solved dilemmas. This theory therefore compares the current ethical problem with past and similar ethical dilemmas that were successfully solved. It therefore justifies Dr Kerkis and Dr Shroff’s actions since their previous works as medical practitioners have been reported to bare good fruits. It however fails to acknowledge that a similar ethical dilemma may not have been witnessed before. (http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/505222_2 ; http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) The utilitarianism ethical theory supports any choice that produces the most benefit to most people. Such a choice is seen to be ethically correct. This theory therefore foresees the outcome of an act and judges it based on the benefits that are likely to accrue. There are two types of utilitarianism. These include act utilitarian and rule utilitarianism. According to rainbow c, â€Å" In act utilitarianism, a person performs the acts that benefit the most people, regardless of personal feelings or the societal constraints such as laws. Rule utilitarianism, however, takes into account the law and is concerned with fairness. A rule utilitarian seeks to benefit the most people but through the fairest and most just means available. Therefore, added benefits of rule utilitarianism are that it values justice and includes beneficence at the same time† (http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) Two or more of these ethical theories should be combined in order to make the best ethical decision. For instance, I would solve Dr Kerkis dilemma by applying utilitarianism ethical theory, rights ethical theory and casuist ethical theory. I would also solve Dr Shroff’s ethical dilemma by applying rights ethical theory, utilitarianism ethical theory and virtue ethical theory. (http://courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs3604/lib/Ethics/notes. html ) Conclusion All the ethical theories have common goals that must be achieved for them to be successful. These common goals are the previously discussed ethical principles. It is important to realize that different points are emphasized by the theories that help people to arrive at a decision that is ethically correct. Different people usually use ethical theories in a different way depending on their individual experiences. The theories and principles of ethics lay a good foundation of analyzing actions since they guide people in making ethical decisions. This means that whether Dr Kerkis and/or Dr Shroff are justified or not to proceed with their work or not depends on which principle as well as the ethical theory an individual bases his /her ethical analysis. References Rainbow C, Descriptions of Ethical Theories and Principles, [Retrieved] 8th August, 2008, [From] http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm Lancaster University, Ethical theories [Retrieved] 4th August, 2008. [From] http://www. lancs. ac. uk/fss/resources/ethics/theories. htm Ethical theories compared http://www. trinity. edu/cbrown/intro/ethical_theories. html relations between utilitarian, deontological, and Aristotelian ethical theories Lawrence M. Hinman, Introduction: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory Excerpted from: Lawrence M. Hinman, Contemporary Moral Issues, 2nd ed. (Prentice-Hall, 1999). Ethical theories [Retrieved] 1st August 2008, [From] http://courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs3604/lib/Ethics/notes. html Ethical Theories, Principles, and Decision-Making Models, [Retrieved] 3rd August, 2008 [From] http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/505222_2 Allan J. Kimmel, 1988, Ethics and Values in Applied Social Research: Ethics and Values in Applied Social Research, SAGE. Stem cell treatment lets Aussie breathe http://www. news. com. au/perthnow/story/0,21598,23768047-5012754,00. html Perth now Sunday times, July 7th, Mice to replace men as sperm donors http://search. news. com. au/search? us=ndmperthnow&sid=5012760&as=NEWS. WORLD. CANDSAMERICA&ac=TST&q=Mice%20to%20replace%20men%20as%20sperm%20donors

Essay on National Missile Defense - 4089 Words

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